Prolonged ocean warming events, known as marine heatwaves, take a significant toll on the complex ecosystem of the Great Barrier Reef.
This is according to a new study on the impacts of the 2016 marine heatwave, published in Nature.
In surveying the 3,863 individual reefs that make up the system off Australia’s north-east coast, scientists found that 29% of communities were affected.
In some cases up to 90% of coral died, in a process known as bleaching.
This occurs when the stress of elevated temperatures causes a breakdown of the coral’s symbiotic relationship with its algae, which provide the coral with energy to survive, and give the reef its distinctive colours.
Certain coral species are more susceptible to this heat-induced stress, and the 2016 marine heatwave saw the death of many tabular and staghorn corals, which are a key part of the reef’s structure.
Researchers led by Terry Hughes at Australia’s ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies looked at aerial observations of the entire 2,300km reef between March and November 2016. These were combined with underwater surveys at over 100 locations.
“We saw some corals rapidly dying,” explained Dr Scott Heron, another of the study’s authors.
“Bleaching… is essentially a starvation process that occurs over one to two months. This rapid onset is not the same starvation mechanism. The best way to describe it is akin to cooking,” added the Noaa Coral Reef Watch scientist.
They found that these “cooked” corals were dying within two to three weeks.
The northern section of the reef, some 700km long, was worst affected, with 50% of the coral cover in the reef’s shallowest areas being lost within eight months.
Healing time
Not all areas of the reef, or all coral species, were equally affected.
Some were better able to tolerate the stressful conditions, or to bounce back afterwards.
“There have been some signs of recovery,” said Dr Heron.
But in other areas the team noted that stressed coral populations were more susceptible to disease, and have since seen outbreaks.
In many areas of the reef, there was a reduction in the diversity of coral species: shifting from the dominance of fast-growing species like tabular coral to simpler, slower growing varieties.
In the much warmer waters of the Red Sea, researchers at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia have been looking at how corals can potentially adapt to increased temperatures.
Their results, published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, indicate that it is the partner algae, and not the coral themselves, who may be responsible for a capacity to tolerate heat stress.